Learning Stages



Acquisition: Learner performance ranges from 0 percent accuracy to a 90 to 100 percent accuracy. The instructional focuses on helping the student perform the skill accurately.



Proficiency: Learner attempts to learn the skill at an almost automatic level. The aim is or the student to perform the task both accurately and quickly.



Maintenance: The goal of instruction here is to maintain the high level of performance that the student achieved on a task.

Generalization: Learner performs the skill in different times and situations. Meaning, the student can show proficency in multiple areas and with varying people.


Adaption: Learner applies a previously learned skill in a new area of application without direct instruction or guidance.



Data Systems


Direct Measurement: direct, continuous, and percise measurement of behavior.


Repeated Measurement: a behavior is counted and recorded over a period of time, everytime it occurs.


Techniques:

Event recording, interval recording, time sampling, duration recording, latency recording, ancetodal recording, and permanent product recording.



Grading Alternatives:


Individualized educational program grading: determines on the basis of the students progress on goals from the IEP.

Pass/fail system: a criteria is established that determines a pass/fail.

Mastery level system: mastery is achieved when a student reaches a criterion level on a specific subcomponent.

Point system: students are assigned points on various activities and the overall grade level is set by a certain number of points.

Contract grading: the teacher and student sign a contract agreeing on how things will be graded and what work is assigned based on progress.

Multiple grading: teacher grades the student on multiple areas such as, accountability, effort, and progress.

Shared grading: when two teachers who work together determine a grade amongst the two based on progress they have noticed.

Student self-comparison: the teacher and student agree on the goals within the curriculum.

Level grading: grading is individualized by using subscript to note the level of difficulty on which the students grades are based.

Descriptive grading: teachers write descriptive comments regarding the students work and progress.


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Cecil D. Mercer; Ann R. Mercer; Paige C. Pullen (2011). Teaching Students with Learning Problems, 8th Edition, Merrill, - Print